THE ANCIENT WORLD.

 Electricity and batteries in Ancient India By- AAKASH SAINI Galvani in 1780 discovered what he called the “animal electricity”. He found that connecting a nerve in a frog leg to two different interconnected metals causes the leg to contract (See image below). What happens here is that, the circuit gets completed via the frog leg and the voltage difference between the two different metals causes an electric current to be produced. This electrical stimulation of nerves causes muscle contraction, because that is how nerves communicate with muscles in animal body. Galvanism: The twitching of frog’s legs – Source: Wikipedia So, it was not animal electricity as Galvani had called it, but electricity generated by metal-metal contact that caused animal leg to contract. And this was what Volta proved in 1794. Alessandro Volta invented electric battery and did not use any biological material in his device. He produced electricity using copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper dis

Niccolao Manucci Portrait of Manucci, National Library of France, Cabinet of Prints, Paris. Born 19 April 1638 Venice , now  Metropolitan City of Venice ,  Italy Died 1717 (aged 79) Monte Grande,  Chennai  (present-day  Tamil Nadu ,  India ) Occupation Physician, Historian, Geographer, Explorer Years active c.  1660–1717 Notable works Storia do Mogor  (1698) Signature Niccolao Manucci (19 April 1638 – 1717) was a Venetian writer, a self-taught physician, and traveller, who wrote accounts of the Mughal Empire supposedly first-hand but with many details now considered doubtful. He also documented folk beliefs and customs of the period. Biography Niccolò Manucci was born in Venice to Pasqualino Manucci and Rosa née Bellin. He joined an uncle in Corfu as a teenager and went aboard an English ship to India. In Delhi he lived with Jesuit priests learning Persian and some medical knowledge. He sent a ring back home with instructions that it should be sold for books on medicine to be sent bac

The History Of That Monster Under The Bed Many children fear the monster under the bed. We ask child psychologists what it is, where it comes from, & where we can get more monster spray. What is the monster under the bed? If you have children, there’s a good chance you’ve had to deal with issues surrounding the scary monsters under the bed. You may even remember fearing said monster when you were younger. The monster under the bed is a fear for many children, and is now so synonymous with childhood that it has carved a strong niche in popular culture. We take a look at where the concept came from and speak to child psychologist  Dr Laura Kauffman  about why it’s such a cause of fear for children. History of the monster under the bed The scary monsters under the bed is a variation of the bogeyman which has existed for centuries, in various guises, all around the world. It is likely that the bogeyman legend originated simply as a behaviour deterrent for children. For example, if a ch

  Fertile Crescent Once considered the “cradle of civilization,” the Fertile Crescent’s place among the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile rivers once led to an abundance of riches. Now the depleation of those resources has led to strife in the Middle East. fertile crescent illustration Fed by the waterways of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Nile rivers, the Fertile Crescent has been home to a variety of cultures, rich agriculture, and trade over thousands of years. Named for its rich soils, the Fertile Crescent, often called the “cradle of civilization,” is found in the Middle East. Because of this region’s relatively abundant access to water, the earliest civilizations were established in the Fertile Crescent, including the Sumerians. Its area covers what are now southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, and parts of Turkey and Iran. Two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, regularly flooded the region, and the Nile River also runs through part of it. Irrigation and agric

 How similar was Mesopotamia to Ancient Egypt? Overview q Students will be expected to explain how and why humans made the transition from small Neolithic villages to the first large scale complex societies located in Mesopotamia, Egypt, South Asia, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Mexico. q Emphasis should be placed on how the climate and geography shaped the government, economy (including trade and agriculture), and cultural features (including religion, social class, language and the arts). q Students  should be able to note similarities and differences in the development and characteristics of each civilization.  § Further, students are expected to explain how these societies changed over time as a result of interactions with neighboring civilizations.  Mesopotamian & Egyptian Society q Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations developed in substantially different environments.  § While both civilizations developed in fertile river valleys rich with silt f

 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE Time line of development of Agriculture By- AAKASH SAINI 1. 9500 BCE (Earliest evidence for domesticated wheat) 2. 8000 BCE (Evidence for cattle herding) 3. 7000 BCE (Cultivation of barley; animals are domesticated) 4. 6500 BCE (Cattle domestication in Turkey) 5. 6000 BCE (Indus Valley grows from wheat to cotton and sugar) 6. 5500 BCE (Sumerians start organized agriculture) 7. 5400 BCE (Archaelogical proof for domestication of chicken) 8. 5400 BCE (Linearbandkeramik Culture in Europe) 9. 5000 BCE (Africa grows rice, sorghum) 10. 4000 BCE (Ploughs make an appearance in Mesopotamia) 11. 3000 BCE (Maize is domesticated in Americas) 12. 3000 BCE (Turmeric is harvested at Indus Valley). 13. 2737 BCE Tea is discovered  14. 2000 BCE 1st windmill in Babylon  15. 1000 BCE sugar processing in India  16. 500 BCE Row cultivation in China  17. Year 200 (Multi-tube seed drill invented in China) 18. Year 700 (Arab Agriculture Revolution)  19. Year 1000 (Coffee originates in Ar